Having been a DWO in the military, I don’t know why this doesn’t happen more often. The majority of JO’s that I observed coming up were so scared to make a decision because of the CO. They were never allowed to make a course alteration on their own unless they consulted with the CO. How many times have you been called on the radio for passing arrangements by a military vessel and you say to yourself…“what in the world are you thinking”. When I am meeting one now in the civilian world, Im always on the defensive until they are free and clear of me.